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Genotoxicity evaluation of surface waters located in urban area of Xi’an City using

Yongjun LIU, Aining ZHANG, Xiaoyan MA, Xiaochang WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第6期页码 860-866 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0462-3

摘要： In this study, micronucleus (MCN) and chromosome aberration (CA) tests in root tip cells were carried out in order to assess the water quality and the comprehensive genotoxic potential of surface waters located in the urban area of Xi’an City, China. For these evaluations, water samples from different surface waters (four rivers, two lakes, two biological treatment plant effluents) were collected, the ultra-pure water and methyl methanesulfonate solution was used as the negative and positive control, respectively. In our results, highly significant differences in MCN permillage (average number of micronuclei per 1000 cells), CA frequencies and PI (pollution index) values were found among three rivers and two WWTP effluents, the tested samples from two rivers caused the decrease of mitotic index over 22% compared with the negative control. No significant changes were observed in micronuclei and chromosome aberrations frequencies at one river and two lakes during the period of test (wet season). These results point out a poor state of the water quality and genotoxic activity of the main surface waters in Xi’an City. It is recommended to establish a monitoring program for the presence of genotoxic agents in these surface waters.

关键词： genotoxicity surface water evaluation Vicia faba

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秦巴山脉绿色城乡人居环境发展研究

吴左宾,敬博,郭乾,李炬,魏阿妮

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第5期页码 60-67 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.05.009

摘要：

秦巴山脉横跨南北地理空间，是我国的中央水库和国家绿肺。由于地形条件的约束，秦巴山脉逐渐成为我国经济发展的洼地和贫困多发地区，内部生态环境保护与社会经济发展诉求的冲突巨大。课题首先剖析了秦巴山脉地区面临着生态保护与城乡发展的布局冲突、绿色发展与城乡空间的建设脱节两方面的问题，进而提出“生态先导，绿色为本”的发展战略。在“生态先导”战略上，划定秦巴山脉地区的生态安全格局，从人口、产业和城乡空间分布方面实现“生态先导”的人居环境空间整合。在“绿色为本”的战略上，总结城乡布局模式、构建交通支撑系统和特色风貌体系，构建“绿色为本”的城乡人居环境模式。最终实现秦巴山脉城乡人居环境的绿色发展，为我国城乡人居环境营建提供借鉴。

关键词：秦巴山脉城乡人居环境绿色发展生态空间

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Can floor-area-ratio incentive promote low impact development in a highly urbanized area?

Ming Cheng, Huapeng Qin, Kangmao He, Hongliang Xu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-1002-y

摘要： As an environmental friendly measure for surface runoff reduction, low impact development (LID) has been applied successfully in urban areas. However, due to high price of land and additional expense for LID construction in highly urbanized areas, the developers of real estate would not like to proceed LID exploitation. Floor area ratio (FAR) refers to “the ratio of a building’s total floor area to the size of the piece of land upon which it is built.” Increasing FAR indicates that the developers can construct higher buildings and earn more money. By means of awarding FAR, the developers may be willing to practice LID construction. In this study, a new residential district is selected as a case study to analyze the trade-off between the runoff reduction goal achieving by LID practices and the incentive of awarding FAR to promote LID construction. The System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis IntegratioN (SUSTAIN) model is applied to simulate the runoff reduction under various LID designs and then derive the Pareto-optimal solutions to achieve urban runoff reduction goals based on cost efficiency. The results indicates that the maximum surface runoff reduction is 20.5%. Under the extremity scenarios, the government has options to award FAR of 0.028, 0.038 and 0.047 and the net benefits developers gain are 0 CNY, one million CNY and two million CNY, respectively. The results provide a LID construction guideline related to awarding FAR, which supports incentive policy making for promoting LID practices in the highly urbanized areas.

关键词： Low impact development Runoff reduction Incentive Floor area ratio SUSTAIN(System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis IntegratioN)

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The Exploration and Practice of the Development of Green Eco-Urban Areas in Guangzhou International Financial

Jia-meng Chen,Peng Liu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第1期页码 87-96 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016003

摘要： Active exploration has been carried out to determine a pattern for developing green eco-urban areas in the Starting Area of Guangzhou International Financial City with an emphasis on the core role of comprehensive green arrangement. By comparing and analyzing existing research, development of green technologies at home and abroad, and indicator systems of green urban areas of similar sizes, the builders developed a green ecological indicator system. They proposed a new concept called “district-level indicator” in order to emphasize the importance of classifying indicators according to different project situations. By verifying the indicators for all land parcels and assessing future costs and efficiency, experience accumulated in this project can be beneficial for future green eco-urban area development projects.

关键词： Guangzhou International Financial City green eco-urban area indicator system case verification

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Simulation of soil carbon changes due to land use change in urban areas in China

Cui HAO, Jo SMITH, Jiahua ZHANG, Weiqing MENG, Hongyuan LI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第2期页码 255-266 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0485-4

摘要： Land use change can have a strong impact on soil carbon dynamics and carbon stocks in urban areas. Due to rapid urbanization, large areas of land have been paved, and other areas have undergone rapid land use change. Evaluation of the impact of urbanization on carbon dynamics and carbon stock (30 cm) has become an issue of urgent concern. The soil carbon dynamics, due to rapid land use change in Tianjin Binhai New Area of China, have been simulated in this paper using the RothC model. Because this area is saline, a modified version of RothC that includes a salt rate modifier provided more accurate simulations than the original model. The conversion to urban green land was not accurately simulated by either of the models because of the undefined changes in soil and plant conditions. According to the model, changes of arable to grassland resulted in a decline in soil carbon stocks, and changes of grassland to forest and grassland to arable resulted in increased soil carbon stocks in this area. Across the whole area simulated, the total carbon stocks in 2010 had decreased due to land use change by 6.5% from the 1979 value. By 2050, a further decrease of 21.9% is expected according to the 2050 plan for land use and the continuing losses from the soils due to previous land use changes.

关键词： land use change soil carbon RothC urban area

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秦巴山区人居生活质量研究：关注城市发展建设对相关人群的影响

Robert W. Marans,徐滢

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第5期页码 92-99 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.05.013

摘要：

地处秦巴腹地的陕南地区正在开展一项大规模的避险移民工程。此项工程意在通过涵养自然生态、推进地区产业转型和城市就业、加大新城新区建设等以达到防灾、扶贫和提高城乡居民生活水平的目的。本文建议在秦巴山区开展以评估人居生活质量为主题的纵向社会学研究。此项研究主要依靠当地居民从个体视角出发，对生活状况的综合主观评价来衡量移民工程的社会意义。研究重点关注三类人群：已经完成搬迁安置的新移民，尚未搬迁——其中包括在未来有移民意向的农村居民，以及移民迁入地区的原有城镇居民。此项研究可以用于监测移民工程和城乡建设的进展，分析此工程对各个社会群体民生状况的现实影响，并对当地及其他地区政府的后续的政策规划提供参考意见。以此为出发点，本文综述了在社会学领域内生活质量研究的理论发展和研究体系，并针对秦巴山区的具体状况提出了若干建议。

关键词：生活质量研究社会调查研究社会影响评价移民新城新区建设秦巴山区

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基于高速交通网络的秦巴山脉地区空间格局研究

武廷海,张能

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第5期页码 52-59 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.05.008

摘要：

改善通达性是秦巴山脉地区扶贫开发和实现可持续发展的重要手段。本文根据《国家公路网规划(2013年—2030年)》与《中长期铁路网规划》中确定的高速交通网络，研究秦巴山脉地区及周边城市群地区中心城市的可达性，进而模拟秦巴山脉地区的空间格局。研究发现，随着国家规划高速交通网络的建设，秦巴山脉地区将形成以西安为中心的西安—万州、西安—襄阳、西安—洛阳三条放射型主要城市走廊，以及西安—天水、西安—广元、达州—襄阳—南阳—洛阳三条次要城市走廊。受其城市走廊的影响，秦巴山脉地区将形成以陇南、巴中、十堰、栾川为核心的四个巨型绿野。本文建议，未来的秦巴山脉地区空间规划，在努力发挥秦巴山脉地区对周边城市群地区生态平衡作用的同时，要自觉建立秦巴山脉地区内部的空间秩序，合理安排城市走廊与巨型绿野，实现保护与发展的平衡。

关键词：秦巴山脉地区空间格局高速交通网络空间规划城市走廊巨型绿野

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秦巴山脉区域城乡空间流域化发展策略

吴左宾,程功,王丁冉,郭乾

《中国工程科学》 2020年第22卷第1期页码 56-63 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2020.01.006

摘要：

秦巴山脉区域是我国生物多样性保护与水源涵养重要区，也是南水北调工程的重要水源地，区域山形水势相互交织、山地水文过程显著，呈现出典型的流域化发展趋势。本文分析了秦巴山脉区域城乡空间发展的现状及存在问题，阐述了区域城乡空间流域化发展的必要性；以流域为分析视角，以多尺度流域基底划定为依据，确定了秦巴山脉区域流域等级体系框架和五级流域划分；提出了秦巴山脉区域城乡空间发展策略——以流域生态管控为基础的城乡结构，以流域绿色转型为导向的城乡模式，以流域联动发展为组织的协同管控。研究表明：流域作为秦巴山脉区域典型的生态单元，与城乡空间发展的耦合程度较高；以流域为载体的城乡空间规划与制度管控有助于促进秦巴山脉城乡绿色循环发展。

关键词：秦巴山脉区域流域化生态管控绿色转型联动发展

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基于TOD模式的城市空间结构优化研究

陆化普,刘若阳,张永波,傅志寰

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第6期页码 137-145 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.06.012

摘要：

以交通拥堵、环境污染为代表的“大城市病”已经成为影响城市高质量发展和城市居民生活质量的制约性因素，推进交通系统与土地使用深度融合的以公共交通为导向的开发（TOD）模式是综合解决上述问题的关键举措。本文采用机理分析方法，研究了交通与土地利用的作用机制，分析了交通与土地利用融合发展模式与常规发展模式在用地布局、人口密度分布上的差异，论证了TOD模式下的人口分布及其与交通系统的耦合关系特征；在分析我国TOD发展现状及问题的基础上，剖析了代表性案例的TOD模式特点与经验，认为不同环境条件下的TOD内涵、发展目标及路径均有所不同。提出了城市空间合理结构及其与交通系统深度融合的基本思路、规划设计原则、实现途径，涵盖城市群范围内的城市空间布局结构（宏观）、都市圈与中心城区范围内的组团结构（中观）、轨道交通站点及其周边用地结构（微观）3 个层次。研究建议，在管理统筹、法律政策、标准规范、利益分配、规划审批、激励机制、公众参与等方面采取行动，为深化TOD模式应用、提升城市建设水平提供支持。

关键词：城市空间结构；交通与土地利用一体化；TOD；城市群；都市圈和中心城区；轨道交通站点

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基于多元数据的交通视角超大特大城市中心城区合理规模研究

陆化普,柏卓彤,吴洲豪,傅志寰

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第6期页码 146-153 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.06.013

摘要：

超大特大城市中心城区高强度连片开发、人口密度大、城市功能集中，是我国城市问题表现最为突出的区域范围；着眼集中于中心城区的大城市病破解问题，开展超大特大城市中心城区的合理规模分析论证具有迫切性。本文提出了通勤出行时间是超大特大城市中心城区合理规模的核心控制因素这一基本判断；采用大数据分析及聚类分析方法，结合城市多类土地利用的兴趣点数据、街道行政边界的地理信息系统数据，识别了我国10 个超大特大城市的现状中心城区范围；基于网络地图路径规划、手机信令数据校核，分析评价了现状交通效率；以量化分析为基础，获得了特大城市中心城区合理规模的论证结果。研究表明，当前一些超大特大城市的中心城区范围不能满足以人为本的幸福通勤出行需求；结合未来交通运输领域技术发展、治理水平提高等因素，13~15 km当量半径是超大特大城市中心城区合理规模范围的上限。

关键词：合理规模；多元数据；中心城区；超大特大城市；幸福感

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秦巴山脉周边城市地区协同发展研究

周庆华,牛俊蜻

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第5期页码 10-16 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.05.002

摘要：

秦巴山脉周边城市地区位于我国地理中心，涉及成渝城市群、关中城市群、武汉城市群、中原城市群等多个城市集聚区。在我国当前进入“一带一路”、多边开放的战略背景下，其内部城市之间的协同发展对于支撑中西部崛起、保护秦巴山脉生态环境、带动山区连片贫困地区进入小康社会具有重要意义。由于内部各城市群之间物理空间跨度较大，所以当前秦巴山脉周边城市地区经济联系较弱。本文在借鉴国内外相关研究与实践的基础上，考虑到未来新经济要素对空间距离作用的消减，从宏观格局判断、空间可能模式、快速交通联系、产业分工协作四个方面着手，对秦巴周边城市地区的协同发展路径进行探讨。

关键词：秦巴山脉城市地区协同发展

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Climate change and China’s mega urban regions

Chaolin GU, Sunsheng HAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 418-430 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0075-5

摘要： China’s mega urban regions are focal points of economic development and environmental concerns. This paper positions four mega urban regions (i.e., the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, the Bohai Bay Area, and the South-eastern Fujian Province) along China’s coast into the national economy and elaborates their development challenges and planning innovations. Mega urban regions in China are spatial consequences of rapid economic transition. They deserve close scrutiny and demands for innovative planning responses in order to maintain their key role in driving economic growth but limiting their greenhouse gas emission.

关键词： climate change mega urban region urban planning

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区域定量风险评价方法及其在城市重大危险源安全规划中的应用

吴宗之,多英全,魏利军,关磊

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第4期页码 46-49

摘要：

介绍了区域定量风险评价的基本原理和评价指标，建立了基于网格差分的风险计算模型，给出了定量风险评价的程序，开发了个人风险的计算软件，提出了区域定量风险评价方法，并在某油气库区风险评价与安全规划中实际应用。通过分析计算，给出了该区域的个人风险等值线分布图和社会风险（F-N）曲线。结果表明，由于该地区液化石油气储量大，事故后果严重，且库区离居民区较近，周边企业较多，人口密集，使得个人风险和社会风险均超出了推荐标准的要求。该方法为进行城市重大危险源的安全规划提供了基础理论和技术方法，对进行城市土地使用及其他灾害领域的安全规划具有指导意义。

关键词：风险评价安全规划重大危险源城市规划

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Treatability aspects of urban stormwater stressors

Anthony N. TAFURI, Richard FIELD

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第5期页码 631-637 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0420-0

摘要： Pollution from diffuse sources (pollution from contaminants picked up and carried into surface waters by stormwater runoff) has been identified as a significant source of water quality problems in the U.S. scientists and engineers continue to seek solutions that will allow them to optimize existing technologies and develop new ones that will provide the best possible protection to people, wildlife, and the environment. This paper addresses the various pollutants or stressors in urban stormwater, including flow (shear force), pathogens, suspended solids/sediment, toxicants (organic and metals), nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, and coarse solids. A broad overview of the pollutants removed and the removal mechanisms by and of conventional best management practices (BMPs) is also presented. The principal treatment mechanisms of conventional wet ponds, vegetative swales/buffer strips, and wetlands are sedimentation and filtration. These mechanisms have the capability to remove significant amounts of suspended solids or particulate matter and are a vital component of strategies to reduce pollutant loads to receiving waters. In addition, because most of the nation’s receiving water violations are caused by pathogen indicator bacteria, it is of utmost importance that research efforts address this problem. Further research is also needed on the treatment of emerging contaminants in BMPs and on the costs and affects of maintenance and maintenance schedules on the long-term performance of BMPs.

关键词： stormwater wet weather flow urban runoff